1 As Leland Ware ( 2021) illustrates in “ Plessy’s Legacy: The Government’s Role in the Development and Perpetuation of Segregated Neighborhoods” earlier in this issue, urban development policies in the twentieth century would be one of the primary domains deeply transformed by America’s embrace of segregation. Ferguson would be another foundational step in the development of structural racialization through most aspects of twentieth-century society. The study lends support to the importance of public engagement processes to uncover the various long-term ramifications of the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy.Īlthough the system of White supremacy in the United States predates Plessy by centuries, the “separate but equal” doctrine emerging from Plessy v. Surveys, participant observations, and interviews document the outcomes, benefits, and impacts associated with engaging stakeholders using historical records of discrimination to inform contemporary policymaking. The following case study explores two Ohio community-based initiatives (in Cleveland and Columbus) that used historical analysis of racial discrimination in development practices as the focus of a community engagement process. The history of structural racialization in development is fundamental to understanding contemporary challenges such as segregation, concentrated poverty, and racial disparities. Despite this lack of public awareness, a large body of literature illustrates the importance of urban development history as a mechanism of upholding the philosophy of segregation upheld by Plessy v. Marshall used the power of the courts to fight racism and discrimination, tear down Jim Crow segregation, change the status quo, and make life better for the most vulnerable in our nation.Rarely do the public, community leaders, or policymakers engage the history of structural racialization. The civil rights lawyer turned Supreme Court justice made a significant impact on American society and culture. Supreme Court, becoming the first Black justice.ĭuring his nearly 25-year tenure on the Supreme Court, Marshall fought for affirmative action for minorities, held strong against the death penalty, and supported of a woman's right to choose if an abortion was appropriate for her. 30, 1967, Marshall was confirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1961. Marshall's civil rights litigation work continues to this day. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Board of Education case in which Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren noted, "in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Marshall's most famous case was the landmark 1954 Brown v.
#Separate but equal professional
Painter (1950), which deemed separate facilities for Black professional and graduate students unconstitutional Kraemer (1948), which struck down race-based restrictive housing covenants Allwright (1944), which found that states could not exclude Black voters from primaries Marshall became one of the nation's leading attorneys. In 1940, he was named chief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, which was created to mount a legal assault against segregation. Soon after, Marshall joined Houston at NAACP as a staff lawyer.
The legal duo successfully argued that the law school violated the 14th Amendment guarantee of protection of the law, an amendment that addresses citizenship and the rights of citizens. Working with his mentor Charles Hamilton Houston, Marshall sued the school for denying admission to Black applicants solely on the basis of race. The Legal EagleĪfter graduating from Howard, one of Marshall's first legal cases was against the University of Maryland Law School in the 1935 case Murray v. At Howard, he met his mentor Charles Hamilton Houston, who encouraged Marshall and his classmates to use the law for social change. Marshall received his law degree from Howard University Law School in 1933, graduating first in his class. He applied to the University of Maryland Law School but was rejected because he was Black. Early LifeĪ native of Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930. Board of Education case, in which the Supreme Court declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional in public schools. He is best known for arguing the historic 1954 Brown v. Marshall was a towering figure who became the nation's first Black United States Supreme Court Justice. Thurgood Marshall was a civil rights lawyer who used the courts to fight Jim Crow and dismantle segregation in the U.S.
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